Nkhani

Kuyambitsa utoto

Muzomangamanga ndi dongosolo la mafakitale la anthu amakono, ma picheli amatenga gawo lofunikira. Ali ngati matsenga achabechabe, kumayendetsa zakumwa mwakachetechete, mipweya yakachetechete ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, ndikuonetsetsa kuti mafakitale a tsiku ndi tsiku ndi thanzi latsiku ndi tsiku. Komabe, kuseri kwa ntchito yakachetechete ya paipi, pali "woyang'anira" - utoto wowoneka bwino, womwe umapereka chitetezo chofunikira pa mapaipi.

1. Tanthauzo ndi ntchito ya utoto wamapaipi

Utoto wopaka, monga dzinalo likusonyeza, ndi utoto womwe umapangidwa makamaka kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito pa mapaipi. Udindo wake waukulu umapitilira zokongoletsera ndi chizindikiro, koma imalowa mkati mwa chitetezo chonse cha mapaipi ndi kukhathamiritsa.

(1) kutunga kwa dzimbiri

Mapaipi achitsulo amakonda kuwononga ndi dzimbiri mu chinyezi, ma acidic kapena alkaline. Izi sizimafupikitsa moyo wa paipi la paipi, komanso zimatha kubweretsa mapaipi, ndikupangitsa ngozi zoteteza kwambiri komanso kuipitsa chilengedwe. Utoto wopaka ukhoza kupanga chosanjikiza pamwamba pa chitolirocho kuti chiziwoneka chotchinga chakunja, moyenera kupewa chinyezi, mpweya komanso zinthu zolumikizana mwachindunji. Pakati pawo, zojambula za dzimbiri, monga kutsogolera kofiyira, ufa wa zinc, etc.; Mwanjira imeneyi, utoto wopaka umachepetsa mphamvu ndi dzimbiri, amafikira moyo wa paipi, ndikuchepetsa mtengo wa kukonza ndi kuwonongeka kwa chitoliro.

(2) Kulimbana ndi nyengo

Mapaipi omwe ali panja akukumana ndi kuyesa kwa nyengo zosiyanasiyana, kufooketsa, kukokoloka kwamvula kumapangitsa kuti chimbudzi chizikulitsa ndi Chepetsa, motero kukhudza kukhulupirika kwa chitolirocho. Utoto wapamwamba kwambiri umakhala ndi chiwopsezo chambiri ndipo chimatha kukhalabe osakhazikika pakusintha kwa nyengo yayitali. Kupanga kwapadera kumapangitsa kusanja radiation ya ultraviolet, kupewa kuyanjana ndikukalamba ndi kukwiya. Nthawi yomweyo, madzi abwino akutsutsana amatsimikizira mvula yamvula siimalowa mu zokutira, kupewa kuwononga zitsulo zomwe zili pansi. Mu nthawi yozizira, utoto utoto umatha kupirira kutentha kwa kutentha kochepa, popanda kusokonekera; Nthawi yotentha, imatha kutentha kwambiri, kuchepetsa kuwonjezeka kwamkati kwa mapaipiwa, potero kuchepetsa nkhawa zamapaipi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti pakhale pakhomo.

(3) chizindikiritso ndi chenjezo

M'mapaipi ovuta pa mapaipi, mapaipi osiyanasiyana amafunikira kusiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yodziwikiratu kuti ogwiritsa ntchito azitha kuzizindikira ndikuwathana nawo. Mwachitsanzo, mapaipi a gasi nthawi zambiri amapaka utoto wachikasu kuti achenjeze za zoopsa komanso zofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito; Mapaipi amoto amapaka utoto wofiyira kuti atsimikizire kuti akhoza kukhala mwachangu ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mwadzidzidzi. Kuphatikiza apo, utoto wopaka utoto umawonjezeranso zizindikiro zochenjeza mdera loopsa, malo opanikizika kwambiri kapena magawo apadera, monga "zoopsa", "osakhudza" ndi zina ". Zizindikiro izi sizingakumbukire antchito kuti atcheretse chitetezo, pewani zolakwa, komanso kupereka chidziwitso chofunikira kwa omwe akupulumutsa mwadzidzidzi, ndikuthandizira kuthamanga kwa chithandizo chamankhwala, ndikuchepetsa kutayika kwa ngozi.

(4) Sinthani zisangalalo

Ngakhale kukongola sikuti ntchito yopaka chitoliro, yunifolomu yoyera, yophimba bwino kwambiri imatha kukulitsa mawonekedwe onse a mkate. M'malo opanga mafakitale, utoto wokhazikika komanso wogwirizana umatha kuwonetsa kuchuluka ndi zithunzi za mabizinesi; M'madera oterewa monga misewu yamzinda, malo okhala, ndi zina zowoneka bwino kwambiri zimatha kuchepetsa zowoneka bwino ndikupanga dongosolo la chilengedwe komanso mwadongosolo. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe abwino amatha kukulitsa chidaliro komanso chikhutiro ndi zomangamanga ndikuwonjezera mtundu wa mzindawo.

2, mitundu ndi mawonekedwe a utoto wamapaipi

Pali zojambula zosiyanasiyana za mapaipi, iliyonse yokhala ndi zochitika zapadera ndi malo ogwiritsira ntchito kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zotetezedwa m'mapaipi osiyanasiyana mu malo osiyanasiyana ndi zochitika zogwirira ntchito.

(1) utoto wa dzimbiri

Utoto wa dzimbiri ndi zokutira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka popewa dzimbiri lachitsulo, ndipo ndi imodzi mwazovala zopangira mapaipi. Nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zowonjezera zapadera zamphamvu zamphamvu, zomwe zimapangitsa kanema womata pamwamba pazitsulo, ndikuletsa kulumikizana pakati pa oxygen, chinyezi komanso zitsulo, kuti zilepheretse dzimbiri.
Utoto wotsutsa wa anti-reaf umagawika m'magulu awiri: utoto wamafuta a dzimbiri ndi utoto wotsutsa madzi. Utoto wogwiritsa ntchito mafuta opangidwa ndi mafuta ndi mawonekedwe owopsa, ali ndi machitidwe owuma mwachangu komanso dzimbiri labwino kwambiri. Chifukwa chake kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumagwirizana ndi zoletsa zina. Mosiyana ndi izi, lowani-lonti-yoletsa madzi ogwiritsa ntchito madzi monga kuwongolera, omwe ali ndi maubwino oteteza chilengedwe, chitetezo, komanso kuti chisathe kutentha, ndikukwaniritsa malamulo a chilengedwe chamakono. Komabe, nthawi yake youma imakhala yotalikirapo, ndipo nduthi yake yotsutsa imatha kukhala yoyipa kwambiri kuposa utoto wotsutsa mafuta nthawi zina.
Pankhani ya utoto wa anti-dzimbiri, kutsogolera kofala wamba, ufa wa zinc, zinc phosphate ndi zina zotero. Utoto wofiyira wa anti-rauki umakhala ndi mphamvu ya dzimbiri, koma chifukwa kutsogolera kofiira kuli ndi kutsogolera, kuvulaza chilengedwe ndi thupi laumunthu, pang'onopang'ono laletsa. Zinc ufa ufa ndi dzimbiri chimagwiritsa ntchito chitetezo cha zinctrochemical of zinc, chomwe chingapereke chitetezo champhamvu champhamvu cha zitsulo, makamaka malo am'mimba ndi zochitika zina. Zinc phosphate anti-nduna yolumikizirana ndi filimu yachitsulo kuti apange filimu yotchinga phsphate, yomwe ili ndi mpweya wabwino komanso kukana madzi.

(2) utoto wotsutsa

Utoto wotsutsana ndi zojambulajambula ndi zokutira zopangidwa mwapadera kuti athe kupewedwa ndi zinthu za mankhwala, ndipo amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pakuteteza pa mapaipi mu mankhwala, petroleum, zimbudzi zina. Malinga ndi mtundu wosiyanasiyana wowononga, utoto wotsutsana ndi acid-brossion utoto wolimbana ndi acid, utoto wa alkali-utoto, utoto wa mchere ndi mitundu ina.
Utoto wosakanizika umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pokana kutupa kwa asidi zinthu, monga sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid ndi zina zotero. Mapangidwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi utunsi wa acid ndi mafilimu apadera omwe amakhalabe ndi mtima wosagawanika komanso kukhazikika kwa zokutira m'madera acidic. Utoto wotsutsana ndi alkalinine, monga sodium hydroxide, potaziyamu hydroxide, etc., ali ndi kukana kwalkali. Utoto wopota utoto wolakwika ndikuthana ndi kukokoloka kwamchere kumadera kapena malo okhala m'madzi, pogwiritsa ntchito zingwe zapadera komanso zotchinga mchere wa paipe.
Mukamasankha utoto wamafuta, ndikofunikira kuti muganizire mokwanira kuti sing'anga, kutentha kwa ntchito, kupanikizika ndi zinthu zina zamapaipi mapaipi. Mwachitsanzo, mu bomba la mankhwala, ngati kuperekera kwa mankhwalawa ndi mankhwala owononga kwambiri, ndikofunikira kusankha utoto wa anticorrosrosroses yopambana, ndikusankha mtundu wofanana ndi utoto ndi utoto molingana ndi mtundu wa mankhwala.

(3) utoto wokhazikika

M'mayiko ena apadera, monga mapaipi otentha, mapaipi a mafakitale, mapaipi otulutsa mafuta, etc., mapaipi amafunika kugwirira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali mu kutentha kwambiri. Utoto wopitilira kutentha kwambiri umayamba kukwaniritsa izi.
Utoto wowiritsa wopitilira muyeso umatha kukhalabe wokhazikika pa kutentha kwambiri, osadzifewetsa, kumayenda, kugwa ndi zochitika zina. Zida zake zazikulu zimaphatikizapo kutentha kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti kutentha kotentha, kuphika chigoli ndi mafilimu ogwirira ntchito. Utoto wotentha kwambiri ndi mtundu wamba wokhala ndi kutentha kwapamwamba ndipo utha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali mu matenthedwe a 200 ° C - itorganic sikicn kwambiri amatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri, mpaka 800 ° C kapena kuposa 1000 ° C, koma kusinthasintha kwake ndikosauka.
Pofuna kuonetsetsa utoto wambiri wamagetsi, kutenthetsa kokhazikika kumafunikira pa mapaipi am'mimba musanayambe kumanga mafuta, dzimbiri ndi oxide. Nthawi yomweyo, panthawi yomanga, chidwi chiyenera kulipidwa kuti liziwongolera makulidwe ndi kufanana kwa zokutira kuti zisachitike kwa enanso kapena owonda kwambiri.

(4) utoto

Kwa mapaipi omwe amafalitsa mphamvu zamagetsi kapena amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magetsi zamagetsi, monga machubu oteteza thumba, Mwini zosinthika, ndi zina zambiri, zokhumudwitsa ndizovuta. Utoto wouluka umatha kupanga mawonekedwe osanjikiza pa mapaipi, kupewa kutayikira komweko, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ntchito yamagetsi yamagetsi.
Kupaka utoto nthawi zambiri kumapangidwa ndi malo opangira, zosungunulira komanso zolimbitsa thupi, ndipo zimakhala ndi zolimba, ndipo zimakhala ndi zolimba zamphamvu, magetsi kukana ndi kunyowa. Zojambula zofala kwambiri zimaphatikizapo kupaka ma alkyd polowetsa, polyester othamangitsa utoto, epoxy othamangitsa opaka. Mukamasankha kupaka utoto, ndikofunikira kuzindikira zinthu monga magetsi ogwiritsira ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito malo ndi zofunikira pa mapaipi.

(5) utoto woteteza zachilengedwe

Ndi kusintha kosalekeza kwa chisamaliro cha padziko lonse lapansi kuteteza chilengedwe, utoto wachipotoka pachimake wakhala zochitika za msika. Mtundu wopaka uwu umachepetsa kupatsidwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo (VOC) popanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito, amachepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa malo okhala mlengalenga, komanso amachepetsa ngozi ndi ogwiritsa ntchito omanga.
Utoto woteteza zachilengedwe makamaka umaphatikizapo utoto wamadzi, utoto wolimba kwambiri ndi utoto wosankha ndi mitundu ina. Utoto wamadzi amagwiritsa ntchito madzi modabwitsa, mulibe zosungunulira, ali ndi phindu la kutetezedwa kwa chilengedwe, chitetezo, osayaka ndi otero. Mwakuwonjezera zomwe zili mu utoto, kugwiritsa ntchito ma sol sol kumachepetsedwa, motero kuchepetsa mawu a VCOC. Utoto wosasinthika umakhala wopanda tanthauzo ndipo ali ndi katundu wabwino komanso mankhwala, koma zofuna zomanga ndizokwera.
Utoto woteteza zachilengedwe sizabwino kwambiri kutetezedwa ndi chilengedwe, ntchito yake imathandizanso kukonzanso, ndipo zathandiza kuti pakhale chitukuko chosiyanasiyana.

3. Kusankhidwa kwa poipiiline wa penti

Kusankha utoto woyenera ndiye chinsinsi chotsimikizira kuti chitetezero ndi ntchito yautonda. Mukamasankha, zinthu zingapo zofunika kuzilingalira kuti zitheke kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira za mapaipi omwe ali m'malo omwe ali ndi ntchito.

(A) Kugwiritsa ntchito chilengedwe cha mapaipi

Zochitika zachilengedwe za chitoliro ndizofunikira kwambiri pakusankha utoto. Malo osiyanasiyana ali ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana pakugwiritsa ntchito zokutira.
Ngati mapaipiwo amaikidwa pamalo onyowa okhala ndi chinyezi, monga mapaipi onyansa, ophatikizika pamapaipimu, etc., ndikofunikira kusankha utoto ndi chinyontho chabwino ndi kukana. Utoto wamtunduwu nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi madzi abwino ndi kukana mankhwala, omwe amatha kupewa kukokoloka kwa madzi ndi mankhwala omwe ali pansi panthaka.
Kwa mapaipi omwe amapezeka panja, monga mapaipi amoto kwambiri, ma piipelines amafuta, etc., ayenera kupirira kuyesa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe monga kukokoloka kwamvula, kukokoloka kwamvula, mphepo ndi kukokoloka kwa mchenga. Chifukwa chake, kupaka utoto wokhala ndi nyengo yabwino komanso kuvala kukana kuyenera kusankhidwa kuti zitsimikizire kuti zokutidwazo zimakhala pamalo okhazikika panja.
Ngati mapaipi ali mu kutentha kwambiri, monga ng'anjo ya mafakitale masipu, mphamvu yamafuta otenthetsera nthunzi, etc., ndiye kuti kutentha kwabwino kwambiri. Utoto uwu ukhoza kukhalabe ndi mphamvu yakuthupi ndi mankhwala pa kutentha kwambiri, kupewetsa mapaisiyi kuchokera ku kuwonongeka, kuvunda ndi mavuto ena chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri.

(B) zinthu zomwe zimasungidwa ndi ma pipili

Zinthu zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi mapaipiyi zimakhudzanso kwambiri kusankha utoto. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala ndithupi, yomwe ingayambitse chimondo, kusungunuka kapena kuvala chitoliro.
Ngati mapaipi akunyamula zakumwa, monga ma asidi, alkali, mayankho amchere, etc., ndiye muyenera kusankha utoto wonyozedwa womwe ungalepheretse kusintha kwa zinthu zomwe zikugwirizana. Mwachitsanzo, mapaipi akusungira sulfuric acid ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito utoto wokhazikika wa acid, ndipo mapaipi onyamula sodium hydroxide amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito utoto wolimbana ndi alkali.
Pakugawa kwa zida zoyaka komanso zophulika monga mafuta ndi mpweya wachilengedwe, kuwonjezera pa utoto wotsutsa, ndikofunikira kusankha magetsi osokoneza bongo kuti muchepetse moto kapena ngozi zophulika.
Ngati ndi chakudya kapena kumwa mapaidzi amamwa, utoto wopaka utoto waukulu, uyenera kugwiritsa ntchito utoto wa chilengedwe chopanda mphamvu zomwe zimakwaniritsa zamagetsi, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zoyendetsedwa sizimayikidwa, kuteteza thanzi ndi chitetezo cha anthu .

(C) malo omanga

Zomangamanga zimakhudza mwachindunji posankha ndi zomangajambula za utoto wamapaipi. Njira yomanga, mpweya wabwino wa malo omanga, ndipo zofuna za chithandizo pansi pali zinthu zonse zofunika kuzilingalira.
Zojambula zosiyanasiyana zithunzi ndizoyenera njira zomangira zomangamanga. Mwachitsanzo, zojambula zina ndizoyenera kutsuka chifukwa cha mamasukidwe awo kwambiri ndipo imatha kukhala yolumikizidwa mofanana ndi chitolirocho pansi pa burashi; Zojambula zina ndizoyenera kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa chifukwa zimapangitsa kuchepera, kulumikizidwa molunjika.
Mpweya wabwino wa malo omanga ndi wofunikanso. M'malo opanda mpweya wabwino, utoto wotsika kwambiri wazomera (voc) ayenera kusankhidwa kuti achepetse mavuto omwe akuwonongeka kwa ogwira ntchito zomanga ndi kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Kuphatikiza apo, zofunikira za chitoliro cha ziphuphu zimakhudzanso kusankha penti. Ngati mawonekedwe a mapaipiwo ndi odekha monga mafuta, ndikofunikira kusankha utoto wa mapaipi omwe amatha kutsata bwino pansi pazinthu zosauka, kapenanso chithandizo chambiri musanayambe kumanga.

(D) bajeti

Mukasankha utoto wa chitoliro, bajeti ndi chinthu chomwe sichinganyalanyazidwe. Mtengo wamitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu yopaka chitoliro zimasiyana kwambiri, motero ndikofunikira kusankha molingana ndi bajeti molingana ndi bajeti molingana ndi bajeti molingana ndi bajeti yomwe ili pansi pamsonkhano.
Mwambiri, zojambula zapamwamba kwambiri ndizokwera mtengo, koma zimatha kupereka moyo wautali pantchito yothawirako komanso chitetezo chabwino. Ngati bajeti ili ndi malire, mutha kusankha zinthu zina zotsika mtengo, koma onetsetsani kuti magwiridwe ake angakwaniritse zofunikira zotetezedwa pa mapaipi.
Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikira kulingalira kuchuluka kwa chosungira chitoto. Zojambula zapamwamba kwambiri zapamwamba, ngakhale kuti ndalama zoyambilira ndizokwera, zitha kukhala zachuma kwambiri chifukwa cha kulimba kwawo bwino komanso pafupipafupi.

4, umisilo yomanga ya utoto wamapaipi

Tekinoloji yomanga ndi gawo lofunikira kuti muwonetsetse kuteteza utoto wa mapaipi. Pokhapokha kutsatira njira zomangira zomangira zomangamanga titha kuwonetsetsa kuti mtundu ndi magwiridwe antchito akupezeka ndi zolinga zomwe akuyembekezeka.

(1) Chithandizo cha Pansi

Pamtunda ndi gawo lofunikira la zomanga pakapilo, ndipo khalidwe lake limakhudza mwachindunji chotsatsa ndi chitetezo chazovala.
Pamaso chithandizo, pamwamba pa mapaipi ayenera kutsukidwa bwino kuti ichotse zodetsa monga mafuta, fumbi, dzimbiri, ndi oxide. Kwa mapaipi okhazikika, mankhwala a dzimbiri kumachitika ndi sambala, kunyamula, kupera ndi njira zina. Kuphulika kwamchenga ndi njira yofala yochotsera dzimbiri, yomwe imachotsa dzimbiri ndi makutiza osanjikiza pa mapaipi okhala ndi tinthu tamchenga mwachangu, kotero kuti zikuwonjezereka chiwonetsero chazotsatira zokutira. Kusankha ndikugwiritsa ntchito yankho la asidi kuti asungunuke dzimbiri ndi oxide pamwamba pa mapaipi, koma ndikofunikira kulabadira chithandizo chamapasi a ad ndikusambitsa acid kuti muchepetsenso ma piperine. Kupera ndikoyenera kwa dzimbiri kapena malo ang'onoang'ono.
Kuphatikiza pa kuchotsedwa kwa dzimbiri, ndikofunikiranso kuchotsa mafuta ndi fumbi pamwamba pa mapaipi. Njira monga zosungunulira, yire yoyeretsa kapena kusintha kwa madzi ambiri kumatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pambuyo pa chithandizocho chikamalizidwa, iyenera kufufuzidwa mu nthawi kuti zitsimikizire kuti chitoliro chimakumana ndi ukhondo komanso zomwe zikufunika.

(2) Kupititsa patsogolo

Kukula koyambirira ndi njira yolumikizira zigawo za paipi yomwe ndizovuta kupaka utoto, monga zokongoletsera, ngodya, zolumikizana.
Chifukwa cha zovuta, ziwalozi zimakonda kukumana ndi mavuto monga zokutira pang'ono ndikusowa zokutira mu zojambulajambula, choncho ayenera kuchitiridwa zisanachitike. Utoto womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chilengezo uyenera kukhala wofanana, ndipo zomangamanga ziyenera kuchitika ndi burashi kapena mfuti yaying'ono kuti zitsimikizire kuti zigawozi zikutetezedwa moyenera.

(3) penti

Kujambula ndi kulumikizana kwapakati pa kapangidwe ka mapaito, malinga ndi mtundu wa utoto wamapaipi ndi zofuna zomanga, sankhani njira yoyenera yopatsirana.
Kukula kwa burashi ndi njira yachikhalidwe yachikhalidwe, yoyenera malo yaying'ono, mawonekedwe ovuta a chitoliro kapena kukonza kwanuko. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito burashi, samalani ndi kuuma ndi kapingana wa ma rristles, komanso kolowera ndi mphamvu ya burashi, kuti muwonetsetse kuti zokutidwazo ndi zopota.
Kukula kodzikuza ndikoyenera kudera lalikulu la bomba lathyathyathya, koma makulidwe okutira ndi owonda.
Kukula kodzikuza ndikoyenera kudera lalikulu la bomba lathyathyathya, koma makulidwe okutira ndi owonda.

Zambiri zaife

Kampani yathuzakhala zikutsatira "sayansi ndi ukadaulo, zabwino, zowona mtima, ntchito zapamwamba za LS0900L: .Monga katswiri wazaka zaluso, titha kupereka zitsanzo kwa makasitomala omwe akufuna kugula, ngati mukufuna utoto wina aliyense, chonde lemberani.