Nkhani

Chiyambi cha utoto

Mu zomangamanga ndi dongosolo la mafakitale la anthu amakono, mapaipi amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Ali ngati mitsempha yonyamulira chete, yonyamula madzi, mpweya ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana mwakachetechete, kuonetsetsa kuti mphamvu zikupezeka, kuti mafakitale azigwira ntchito bwino komanso kuti moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ukhale wosavuta. Komabe, kumbuyo kwa ntchito yopanda phokoso ya mapaipi, pali "chitetezo chosawoneka" chofunikira kwambiri - utoto wa mapaipi, womwe umapereka chitetezo chofunikira pa mapaipi.

1. tanthauzo ndi ntchito ya utoto wa mapaipi

Utoto wa mapaipi, monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, ndi utoto wopangidwa mwapadera kuti ugwiritsidwe ntchito pamwamba pa mapaipi. Ntchito yake yayikulu imapitirira kukongoletsa ndi zizindikiro zosavuta, koma imakhudza kwambiri magawo onse a chitetezo cha mapaipi ndi kukonza magwiridwe antchito.

(1) Kuteteza dzimbiri ndi dzimbiri

Mapaipi achitsulo amatha kuzizira ndi dzimbiri m'malo onyowa, acidic kapena alkaline. Izi sizingofupikitsa moyo wa ntchito ya paipi, komanso zingayambitse kutayikira kwa mapaipi, zomwe zimayambitsa ngozi zazikulu zachitetezo komanso kuipitsa chilengedwe. Utoto wa paipi ukhoza kupanga wosanjikiza pamwamba pa paipi kuti ulekanitse chotchinga chakunja cha chilengedwe, kuteteza bwino chinyezi, mpweya ndi zinthu zowononga komanso kukhudzana mwachindunji ndi chitsulo. Pakati pawo, utoto wotsutsana ndi dzimbiri, monga lead wofiira, ufa wa zinc, ndi zina zotero, ukhoza kuchitapo kanthu ndi pamwamba pa chitsulo kuti upange wosanjikiza wokhazikika wa mankhwala, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anti-dzimbiri iwonongeke. Mwanjira imeneyi, utoto wa paipi umachedwetsa ntchito ya dzimbiri ndi dzimbiri, umakulitsa kwambiri moyo wa ntchito ya paipi, ndikuchepetsa mtengo wokonzanso ndikusintha chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa paipi.

(2) Kulimbitsa kukana kwa nyengo

Paipi yomwe imaonekera panja imayang'anizana ndi nyengo zosiyanasiyana zoopsa, kuwala kwa dzuwa kudzapangitsa kuti chophimbacho chikhale chokalamba ndikutha, kukokoloka kwa mvula kudzafooketsa kumatirira kwa chophimbacho, ndipo kusinthana kwa kuzizira ndi kutentha kudzapangitsa kuti zinthu zapaipi zikulire ndikuchepa, zomwe zimakhudza umphumphu wa chophimbacho. Utoto wapamwamba wapaipi uli ndi kukana kwabwino kwa nyengo ndipo ukhoza kukhalabe ndi magwiridwe antchito okhazikika pakusintha kwa nyengo kwa nthawi yayitali. Kapangidwe kake kapadera kamapangitsa kuti chikhale cholimba ku kuwala kwa ultraviolet, kuteteza kukalamba ndi kusweka kwa chophimbacho; Nthawi yomweyo, kukana bwino madzi kumatsimikizira kuti mvula silowa mu chophimbacho, kupewa dzimbiri la chitsulo chomwe chili pansi pake. M'nyengo yozizira, utoto wapaipi ukhoza kupirira kutentha kochepa, popanda kusweka ndi kung'ambika; M'chilimwe chotentha, ukhoza kutentha bwino kutentha, kuchepetsa kutentha kwa mkati mwa payipi, potero kuchepetsa kutentha kwa zinthu zapaipi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti payipiyo ikugwira ntchito bwino.

(3) Kuzindikira ndi kuchenjeza

Mu machitidwe ovuta a mapaipi, mapaipi okhala ndi zolinga zosiyanasiyana amafunika kusiyanitsa ndi mitundu yoonekera bwino kuti ogwiritsa ntchito athe kuwazindikira mwachangu komanso molondola. Mwachitsanzo, mapaipi a gasi nthawi zambiri amapakidwa utoto wachikasu kuti achenjeze za zoopsa zomwe zingachitike komanso zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito mwapadera; mapaipi amoto amapakidwa utoto wofiira kuti atsimikizire kuti akhoza kupezeka mwachangu ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pakagwa ngozi. Kuphatikiza apo, utoto wa mapaipi ukhozanso kuwonjezera zizindikiro zochenjeza zokopa maso m'malo oopsa, m'malo opanikizika kwambiri kapena m'zigawo zapadera zogwirira ntchito, monga "ngozi ya kuthamanga kwambiri", "musakhudze" ndi zina zotero. Zizindikirozi sizingokumbutsa ogwira ntchito kuti azisamala za chitetezo, kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika, komanso kupereka chidziwitso chofunikira kwa ogwira ntchito opulumutsa pakagwa ngozi, kufulumizitsa liwiro la chithandizo chadzidzidzi, ndikuchepetsa kutayika kwa ngozi.

(4) Konzani kukongola

Ngakhale kukongola si ntchito yaikulu ya utoto wa mapaipi, utoto woyera, wofanana, komanso wowala mosakayikira ukhoza kuwonjezera mawonekedwe onse a mapaipi. M'malo opangira mafakitale, utoto wa mapaipi wokhazikika komanso wogwirizana ukhoza kuwonetsa mulingo wa oyang'anira ndi chithunzi cha mabizinesi; M'malo opezeka anthu ambiri, monga misewu yamzinda, malo okhala anthu, ndi zina zotero, utoto wokongola wa mapaipi ungachepetse kusokonezeka kwa maso ndikupangitsa chilengedwe kukhala choyera komanso chadongosolo. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe abwino amatha kuwonjezera chidaliro cha anthu ndi kukhutira ndi zomangamanga ndikuwonjezera mtundu wonse wa mzinda.

2, mitundu ndi makhalidwe a utoto wa mapaipi

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya utoto wa mapaipi, uliwonse uli ndi magwiridwe antchito apadera komanso njira zogwiritsira ntchito kuti ukwaniritse zosowa za chitetezo cha mapaipi osiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana komanso m'mikhalidwe yogwirira ntchito.

(1) Utoto woletsa dzimbiri

Utoto woletsa dzimbiri ndi utoto womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka poletsa dzimbiri lachitsulo, ndipo ndi umodzi mwa utoto wofunikira kwambiri woteteza mapaipi. Nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi utoto wapadera woletsa dzimbiri ndi zowonjezera, zomwe zimatha kupanga filimu yoteteza pamwamba pa chitsulo, kuletsa kukhudzana kwa mpweya, chinyezi ndi zinthu zowononga ndi chitsulo, kuti ziletse bwino dzimbiri.
Utoto woletsa dzimbiri umagawidwa m'magulu awiri: utoto woletsa dzimbiri wothira mafuta ndi utoto woletsa dzimbiri wothira madzi. Utoto woletsa dzimbiri wothira mafuta wokhala ndi zosungunulira zachilengedwe ngati zosungunulira, uli ndi mawonekedwe ouma mwachangu komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino oletsa dzimbiri, koma chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe (VOC) zomwe zimakhala ndi volatility organic compounds (VOC), umakhudza chilengedwe ndi thanzi la anthu, kotero kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumatsatira zoletsa zina. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, utoto woletsa dzimbiri wothira madzi umagwiritsa ntchito madzi ngati zosungunulira, zomwe zili ndi ubwino woteteza chilengedwe, chitetezo, komanso zosavuta kuwotcha, ndipo zimakwaniritsa zofunikira za malamulo amakono okhudza chilengedwe. Komabe, nthawi yake youma ndi yayitali, ndipo magwiridwe ake oletsa dzimbiri akhoza kukhala oyipa pang'ono kuposa utoto woletsa dzimbiri wothira mafuta nthawi zina.
Ponena za utoto wotsutsana ndi dzimbiri, lead yofiira wamba, ufa wa zinc, phosphate ya zinc ndi zina zotero. Utoto wofiira wotsutsana ndi dzimbiri uli ndi mphamvu yabwino yotsutsana ndi dzimbiri, koma chifukwa lead yofiira ili ndi lead, yovulaza chilengedwe ndi thupi la munthu, yakhala ikuchepetsedwa pang'onopang'ono. Utoto wa zinc wotsutsana ndi dzimbiri umagwiritsa ntchito chitetezo cha zinc chamagetsi, chomwe chingapereke chitetezo chogwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali chotsutsana ndi dzimbiri pazitsulo, makamaka zoyenera zachilengedwe za m'nyanja ndi zochitika zina zowononga. Utoto wa zinc phosphate wotsutsana ndi dzimbiri umagwirizana ndi pamwamba pa chitsulo kuti upange filimu yoteteza phosphate yokhazikika, yomwe ili ndi mphamvu zabwino zotsutsana ndi dzimbiri komanso yolimbanira ndi madzi.

(2) Utoto woletsa dzimbiri

Utoto woletsa dzimbiri ndi utoto wopangidwa mwapadera kuti usawonongeke ndi zinthu za mankhwala, ndipo umagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri poteteza mapaipi m'mafakitale a mankhwala, mafuta, zimbudzi ndi mafakitale ena. Malinga ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya utoto woletsa dzimbiri, utoto woletsa dzimbiri ungagawidwe m'mitundu iwiri: utoto wosagonjetsedwa ndi asidi, utoto wosagonjetsedwa ndi alkali, utoto wothira mchere ndi mitundu ina.
Utoto wosagwira asidi umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka polimbana ndi dzimbiri la zinthu za asidi, monga sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid ndi zina zotero. Ma formulations nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma resins osagwira asidi ndi zodzaza zapadera zomwe zimasunga umphumphu ndi kukhazikika kwa utoto m'malo okhala ndi asidi. Utoto wosagwira alkali ndi wa zinthu za alkaline, monga sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ndi zina zotero, uli ndi kukana kwabwino kwa alkali. Utoto wosagwira mchere ndi wothandiza kuthana ndi kukokoloka kwa mchere m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena m'malo okhala m'nyanja, kudzera mu kapangidwe kake ka utoto ndi utoto wosagwira dzimbiri, zomwe zimathandiza kupewa kuyika kwa mchere ndi dzimbiri pamwamba pa payipi.
Posankha utoto woletsa dzimbiri, ndikofunikira kuganizira mozama za kutentha kwapakati, kupanikizika, ndi zinthu zina zoyendetsera mapaipi. Mwachitsanzo, mu mapaipi a mankhwala, ngati kutumizidwako kuli ndi mankhwala owononga kwambiri, ndikofunikira kusankha utoto woletsa dzimbiri wokhala ndi kukana kwabwino kwa mankhwala, ndikusankha mtundu wofanana wa utomoni ndi utoto malinga ndi mtundu wake weniweni wa mankhwalawo.

(3) Utoto wopirira kutentha kwambiri

Mu ntchito zina zapadera zamafakitale, monga mapaipi otenthetsera, mapaipi a uvuni wamafakitale, mapaipi otulutsa utsi wa injini, ndi zina zotero, mapaipi amafunika kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali pamalo otentha kwambiri. Utoto wopirira kutentha kwambiri umapangidwa kuti ukwaniritse izi.
Utoto wopirira kutentha kwambiri umatha kusunga kukhazikika kwa chophimbacho pansi pa kutentha kwambiri, popanda kufewa, kuyenda, kugwa ndi zina zotero. Zigawo zake zazikulu zimaphatikizapo utomoni wopirira kutentha kwambiri, utoto wolimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri ndi zodzaza zogwira ntchito. Utoto wolimbana ndi kutentha kwambiri wa silicone ndi mtundu wamba wokhala ndi kukana kutentha kwambiri ndipo ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali pa kutentha kwa 200 ° C mpaka 600 ° C. Utoto wotentha kwambiri wa silicon wosapangidwa ndi organic ukhoza kupirira kutentha kwakukulu, mpaka 800 ° C kapena kupitirira 1000 ° C, koma kusinthasintha kwake ndi kukanikiza kwake ndizochepa.
Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti utoto wotentha kwambiri ukugwira ntchito, pamafunika kukonza bwino kwambiri pamwamba pa payipi musanamange kuti muchotse mafuta, dzimbiri ndi okusayidi. Nthawi yomweyo, panthawi yomanga, muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa kulamulira makulidwe ndi kufanana kwa utotowo kuti mupewe kuoneka ngati wandiweyani kwambiri kapena woonda kwambiri.

(4) Utoto woteteza kutentha

Pa mapaipi omwe amatumiza mphamvu kapena omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zida zamagetsi, monga machubu oteteza chingwe, ma transformer housings, ndi zina zotero, magwiridwe antchito a insulation ndi ofunikira kwambiri. Utoto woteteza ukhoza kupanga gawo labwino loteteza pamwamba pa payipi, kuteteza kutuluka kwa madzi, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zida zamagetsi zikugwira ntchito bwino.
Utoto woteteza kutentha nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi utomoni wopangidwa, chosungunulira ndi chosungira kutentha, ndipo umakhala ndi kukana bwino kutentha, kukana magetsi komanso kukana chinyezi. Utoto woteteza kutentha nthawi zambiri umaphatikizapo utoto woteteza kutentha wa alkyd, utoto woteteza kutentha wa polyester, utoto woteteza kutentha wa epoxy ndi zina zotero. Posankha utoto woteteza kutentha, ndikofunikira kuganizira bwino zinthu monga mphamvu yogwirira ntchito, kugwiritsa ntchito malo ndi zofunikira pakuteteza kutentha kwa payipi.

(5) Utoto woteteza chilengedwe

Chifukwa cha kusintha kosalekeza kwa chidwi cha dziko lonse pa kuteteza chilengedwe, utoto wa mapaipi wosawononga chilengedwe wakhala njira yopititsira patsogolo msika. Mtundu uwu wa utoto umachepetsa kutulutsa kwa mankhwala osungunuka achilengedwe (VOC) popanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, umachepetsa kuipitsa chilengedwe, komanso umachepetsa chiopsezo cha thanzi kwa ogwira ntchito yomanga ndi ogwiritsa ntchito.
Utoto woteteza chilengedwe umaphatikizapo utoto wochokera m'madzi, utoto wolimba kwambiri komanso wopanda zosungunulira ndi mitundu ina. Utoto wopangidwa ndi madzi umagwiritsa ntchito madzi ngati chosungunulira, ulibe zosungunulira zachilengedwe, uli ndi ubwino woteteza chilengedwe, chitetezo, wosayaka ndi zina zotero. Mwa kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa zosungunulira mu utoto, kugwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira kumachepa, motero kuchepetsa mpweya wa VOC. Utoto wopanda zosungunulira umakhala wopanda zosungunulira ndipo uli ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri zakuthupi ndi mankhwala, koma zofunikira pakupanga kwake ndizokwera.
Utoto woteteza chilengedwe si wabwino kwambiri poteteza chilengedwe kokha, komanso umakhala wabwino nthawi zonse, umatha kukwaniritsa zosowa za mapaipi osiyanasiyana, ndipo wapereka chithandizo chabwino pa chitukuko chokhazikika.

3. kusankha malo opaka utoto wa mapaipi

Kusankha utoto woyenera wa chitoliro ndiye chinsinsi chotsimikizira kuti chitolirocho chimagwira ntchito bwino komanso nthawi yake yogwira ntchito. Posankha, zinthu zingapo ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira za chitolirocho m'malo enaake komanso momwe ntchito ikuyendera.

(A) kugwiritsa ntchito malo ozungulira mapaipi

Mkhalidwe wa chilengedwe cha chitolirocho ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri posankha utoto wa chitolirocho. Malo osiyanasiyana ali ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana pakugwira ntchito kwa utotowo.
Ngati payipiyo yaikidwa pamalo ozizira pansi pa nthaka, monga mapaipi a zimbudzi, mapaipi a gasi pansi pa nthaka, ndi zina zotero, ndikofunikira kusankha utoto wokana chinyezi komanso dzimbiri. Mtundu uwu wa utoto nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi madzi abwino komanso mankhwala, zomwe zimatha kuletsa kuwonongeka kwa madzi ndi mankhwala m'nthaka ya pansi pa nthaka.
Pa mapaipi omwe ali panja, monga mapaipi otenthetsera pamwamba, mapaipi amafuta, ndi zina zotero, amafunika kupirira zinthu zachilengedwe monga kutentha kwa dzuwa, mvula, mphepo ndi mchenga. Chifukwa chake, utoto wa mapaipi womwe uli ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi nyengo komanso kutopa uyenera kusankhidwa kuti ukhale wokhazikika pamalo akunja kwa nthawi yayitali.
Ngati payipi ili pamalo otentha kwambiri, monga mapaipi a ng'anjo ya mafakitale, mapaipi a nthunzi ya fakitole yamagetsi yotentha, ndi zina zotero, ndiye kuti utoto wopirira kutentha kwambiri ndiye chisankho chabwino kwambiri. Utoto uwu ukhoza kusunga mawonekedwe ake enieni ndi a mankhwala kutentha kwambiri, kuteteza payipi kuti isasinthe, dzimbiri ndi mavuto ena chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri.

(B) Zinthu zomwe zimanyamulidwa ndi mapaipi

Zinthu zomwe zimanyamulidwa ndi payipi zimakhudzanso kwambiri kusankha utoto wa payipi. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana komanso zinthu zakuthupi, zomwe zingayambitse dzimbiri, kusungunuka kapena kuwonongeka kwa utoto wa payipi.
Ngati payipi ikunyamula zinthu zowononga monga ma acid, ma alkali, njira zamchere, ndi zina zotero, ndiye kuti muyenera kusankha utoto woletsa kuwonongeka womwe ungapirire kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ofanana. Mwachitsanzo, payipi yonyamula sulfuric acid iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito utoto wosagonjetsedwa ndi asidi, ndipo payipi yonyamula sodium hydroxide iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito utoto wosagonjetsedwa ndi alkali.
Kuti zinthu zoyaka ndi zophulika monga mafuta ndi gasi wachilengedwe zifalikire, kuwonjezera pa kuganizira momwe zimagwirira ntchito poletsa dzimbiri, ndikofunikiranso kusankha utoto wa paipi wokhala ndi mphamvu yabwino yoletsa kusungunuka kwa magetsi osasunthika kuti asayambitse ngozi zamoto kapena kuphulika.
Ngati ndi njira yopezera chakudya kapena madzi akumwa, kusankha utoto kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito utoto woteteza chilengedwe wopanda poizoni womwe ukugwirizana ndi miyezo yazaumoyo, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zomwe zanyamulidwa sizikuipitsidwa, komanso kuteteza thanzi ndi chitetezo cha anthu onse.

(C) Mikhalidwe yomanga

Mikhalidwe yomangira imakhudza mwachindunji kusankha ndi momwe utoto wa mapaipi umagwirira ntchito. Njira yomangira, mpweya wokwanira wa malo omangira, ndi zofunikira pakukonza pamwamba ndi zinthu zonse zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa.
Utoto wosiyanasiyana wa mapaipi ndi woyenera njira zosiyanasiyana zomangira. Mwachitsanzo, utoto wina ndi woyenera kutsuka chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwawo kwakukulu ndipo ukhoza kumangiriridwa mofanana pamwamba pa chitolirocho pansi pa burashi; Utoto wina ndi woyenera kupopera chifukwa umapanga utoto woonda komanso wofanana.
Mpweya wolowera pamalo omangirawo ndi wofunikanso. M'malo opanda mpweya wokwanira, utoto wokhala ndi zinthu zochepa zowononga chilengedwe (VOC) uyenera kusankhidwa kuti uchepetse kuwononga thanzi la ogwira ntchito yomanga komanso kuipitsa chilengedwe.
Kuphatikiza apo, zofunikira pakukonza pamwamba pa chitoliro zidzakhudzanso kusankha utoto. Ngati pamwamba pa chitolirocho pali dzimbiri kwambiri kapena pali zinthu zodetsa monga mafuta, ndikofunikira kusankha utoto wa chitoliro womwe ungagwirebe bwino ngakhale pamwamba pake patakhala poipa, kapena kukonzedwa bwino kwambiri pamwamba pake musanamange.

(D) Bajeti

Posankha utoto wa mapaipi, bajeti ndi chinthu chomwe sichinganyalanyazidwe. Mtengo wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ya utoto wa mapaipi umasiyana kwambiri, kotero ndikofunikira kusankha moyenera malinga ndi bajetiyo poganizira zofunikira zotetezera.
Kawirikawiri, utoto wa mapaipi ogwira ntchito bwino ndi wokwera mtengo, koma ukhoza kupereka moyo wautali wautumiki komanso chitetezo chabwino. Ngati bajeti ndi yochepa, mutha kusankha zinthu zina zotsika mtengo, koma onetsetsani kuti magwiridwe ake akhoza kukwaniritsa zosowa zoyambira za chitetezo cha mapaipi.
Nthawi yomweyo, ndikofunikiranso kuganizira mtengo wokonzera utoto wa mapaipi. Utoto wina wa mapaipi wabwino kwambiri, ngakhale kuti ndalama zoyambira zimakhala zambiri, ukhoza kukhala wotsika mtengo pakapita nthawi chifukwa cha kulimba kwawo komanso kusakonzedwa pafupipafupi.

4, ukadaulo womanga utoto wa mapaipi

Ukadaulo wolondola womanga ndi njira yofunika kwambiri yotsimikizira kuti utoto wa mapaipi umateteza. Pokhapokha potsatira njira yokhazikika yomanga ndi pomwe tingatsimikizire kuti mtundu ndi magwiridwe antchito a utotowo akukwaniritsa zolinga zomwe tikuyembekezera.

(1) Chithandizo cha pamwamba

Kukonza pamwamba ndiye gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga utoto wa mapaipi, ndipo ubwino wake umakhudza mwachindunji kumatirira ndi chitetezo cha utotowo.
Musanagwiritse ntchito njira yoyeretsera pamwamba pa payipi, pamwamba pa payipi pamafunika kutsukidwa bwino kuti muchotse zinthu zoipitsa monga mafuta, fumbi, dzimbiri, ndi oxide. Pa mapaipi omwe ali ndi dzimbiri kwambiri, njira yochotsera dzimbiri nthawi zambiri imachitika pogwiritsa ntchito mchenga, pickling, grinding ndi njira zina. Kupukuta mchenga ndi njira yodziwika bwino yochotsera dzimbiri, yomwe imachotsa dzimbiri ndi okosijeni mwa kugunda pamwamba pa payipi ndi tinthu ta mchenga tomwe timapopera mofulumira kwambiri, kotero kuti pamwamba pake pafike pakukhwima kwina ndikuwonjezera kumatirira kwa chophimbacho. Kupukuta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira yothetsera asidi kuti musungunule dzimbiri ndi okosijeni pamwamba pa payipi, koma ndikofunikira kusamala ndi njira yochepetsera kuipitsidwa ndi kutsuka pambuyo popukuta kuti asidi wotsala asapangitse dzimbiri lachiwiri ku payipi. Kupukuta ndikoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira yochepetsera dzimbiri kapena malo ang'onoang'ono.
Kuwonjezera pa kuchotsa dzimbiri, ndikofunikiranso kuchotsa mafuta ndi fumbi pamwamba pa payipi. Njira monga kuyeretsa zosungunulira, kuyeretsa lye kapena kutsuka madzi ndi mphamvu yamagetsi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Kukonza pamwamba pake kukatha, kuyenera kuyang'aniridwa nthawi yake kuti zitsimikizire kuti pamwamba pa payipiyo pakwaniritsa zofunikira zaukhondo ndi kukhwima.

(2) Kupaka utoto kale

Kupaka utoto pasadakhale ndi njira yopaka utoto pasadakhale mbali za payipi zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzipaka utoto, monga cholumikizira, ngodya, ndi cholumikizira cha bolt.
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ovuta, ziwalo izi zimakhala ndi mavuto monga kupyapyala kopyapyala komanso kusowa kwa kupyapyala munjira yojambulira yachizolowezi, kotero ziyenera kukonzedwa pasadakhale. Utoto womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito popaka utoto uyenera kukhala wofanana ndi wokutira waukulu, ndipo kapangidwe kake kayenera kuchitika ndi burashi kapena mfuti yaying'ono yopopera kuti zitsimikizire kuti ziwalozi zatetezedwa mokwanira.

(3) Kujambula

Kupaka utoto ndiye njira yofunika kwambiri yopangira utoto wa mapaipi, malinga ndi mtundu wa utoto wa mapaipi ndi zofunikira pakupanga, sankhani njira yoyenera yopaka utoto.
Kupaka burashi ndi njira yachikhalidwe yopaka, yoyenera malo ang'onoang'ono, mawonekedwe ovuta a chitoliro kapena kukonza kwanuko. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito burashi, samalani kuuma ndi m'lifupi mwa tsitsi, komanso komwe burashiyo ikupita komanso mphamvu zake, kuti muwonetsetse kuti chophimbacho ndi chofanana komanso palibe kutuluka kwa madzi.
Chophimba chozungulira ndi choyenera malo akuluakulu a payipi yathyathyathya, chingathandize kukonza bwino ntchito yomanga, koma makulidwe ake ndi ochepa.
Chophimba chozungulira ndi choyenera malo akuluakulu a payipi yathyathyathya, chingathandize kukonza bwino ntchito yomanga, koma makulidwe ake ndi ochepa.

Zambiri zaife

Kampani yathunthawi zonse wakhala akutsatira "sayansi ndi ukadaulo, khalidwe loyamba, kuona mtima komanso kudalirika, kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima a ls0900l:.2000 dongosolo lapadziko lonse lapansi loyang'anira khalidwe. Kasamalidwe kathu kolimba, luso lathu lopanga zinthu zabwino, lapambana kudziwika kwa ogwiritsa ntchito ambiri.Monga katswiri fakitale yokhazikika komanso yolimba yaku China, titha kupereka zitsanzo kwa makasitomala omwe akufuna kugula, ngati mukufuna utoto uliwonse, chonde titumizireni.