Nkhani

Chiyambi cha utoto

Muzomangamanga ndi mafakitale amtundu wamakono, mapaipi amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Zili ngati mitsempha yoyendetsa chete, kunyamula mwakachetechete zamadzimadzi, mpweya ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuonetsetsa kuti magetsi akupezeka, kugwira ntchito bwino kwa mafakitale komanso moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Komabe, kuseri kwa ntchito yachete ya payipi, pali "mlonda wosawoneka" wofunikira - utoto wa payipi, womwe umapereka chitetezo chofunikira paipiyo.

1. tanthauzo ndi ntchito ya utoto wa mapaipi

Utoto wa zitoliro, monga momwe dzinalo likusonyezera, ndi utoto wopangidwa makamaka kuti upangidwe pamwamba pa mapaipi. Ntchito yake yayikulu imapitilira kukongoletsa kosavuta ndi zikwangwani, koma imapita mozama mumilingo yonse yachitetezo cha mapaipi ndi kukhathamiritsa kwa magwiridwe antchito.

(1) Kupewa dzimbiri ndi dzimbiri

Mipope yachitsulo imakonda kuchita dzimbiri komanso dzimbiri m'malo achinyezi, acidic kapena amchere. Izi sizingofupikitsa moyo wautumiki wa mapaipi, komanso zingayambitse kutayikira kwa mapaipi, kuchititsa ngozi zazikulu zachitetezo ndi kuwononga chilengedwe. Chitoliro utoto akhoza kupanga wosanjikiza pamwamba pa chitoliro kudzipatula kunja chilengedwe chotchinga bwino kuteteza chinyezi, mpweya ndi zikuwononga zinthu ndi zitsulo kukhudzana mwachindunji. Pakati pawo, ma anti- dzimbiri inki, monga red lead, zinc ufa, etc., amatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi chitsulo pamwamba kuti apange gulu lokhazikika la mankhwala, kupititsa patsogolo zotsutsana ndi dzimbiri. Mwanjira imeneyi, utoto wa chitoliro umachepetsa njira ya dzimbiri ndi dzimbiri, umakulitsa kwambiri moyo wautumiki wa chitoliro, ndipo umachepetsa mtengo wokonzanso ndikusinthanso chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa chitoliro.

(2) Limbikitsani kupirira kwanyengo

Mapaipi omwe amawonekera panja amakumana ndi mayeso a nyengo zosiyanasiyana, kuwala kwadzuwa kumapangitsa kuti utotowo ukalamba ndi kuzimiririka, kukokoloka kwa mvula kufooketsa kumamatira kwa zokutira, ndipo kusinthasintha kwa kuzizira ndi kutentha kumapangitsa kuti payipi ichuluke komanso kukula. kuchepa, motero kumakhudza kukhulupirika kwa zokutira. Utoto wa chitoliro wapamwamba kwambiri uli ndi kukana kwambiri kwa nyengo ndipo ukhoza kukhalabe ndi ntchito yokhazikika pakusintha kwanyengo kwanthawi yayitali. Kapangidwe kake kapadera kamapangitsa kuti zisagwirizane ndi cheza cha ultraviolet, kuteteza kupaka ukalamba ndi embrittlement; Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kukana madzi abwino kumatsimikizira kuti mvula simalowa mu zokutira, kupewa kuwononga zitsulo zomwe zili pansi. M'nyengo yozizira, utoto wa chitoliro ukhoza kupirira chikoka cha kutentha kochepa, popanda kusweka ndi kupukuta; M'nyengo yotentha, imatha kutenthetsa bwino, kuchepetsa kutentha kwa mkati mwa payipi, potero kuchepetsa kupanikizika kwapaipi ndi kuonetsetsa kuti payipi ikugwira ntchito bwino.

(3) Chizindikiritso ndi chenjezo

Mu machitidwe ovuta a mapaipi, mapaipi a zolinga zosiyana ayenera kusiyanitsa ndi mitundu yoonekera bwino kuti ogwira ntchito athe kuzindikira ndi kuwongolera mwamsanga ndi molondola. Mwachitsanzo, mapaipi a gasi nthawi zambiri amapakidwa utoto wachikasu kuti achenjeze za ngozi zomwe zingachitike komanso zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito mwapadera; Mapaipi amoto amapakidwa utoto wofiira kuti atsimikizire kuti atha kupezeka mwachangu ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito pakagwa ngozi. Kuonjezera apo, utoto wa mapaipi ungathenso kuwonjezera zizindikiro zochenjeza m'madera owopsa, malo othamanga kwambiri kapena zigawo zapadera zogwirira ntchito, monga "ngozi yothamanga kwambiri", "musakhudze" ndi zina zotero. Zizindikirozi sizingangokumbutsa ogwira ntchito kuti azisamalira chitetezo, kupewa misoperation, komanso kupereka chidziwitso chofunikira kwa ogwira ntchito yopulumutsa pazochitika zadzidzidzi, kufulumizitsa kuthamanga kwa chithandizo chadzidzidzi, ndi kuchepetsa kutayika kwa ngozi.

(4) Kupititsa patsogolo kukongola

Ngakhale kuti kukongola si ntchito yaikulu ya utoto wa chitoliro, chophimba choyera, yunifolomu, chamitundu yowala mosakayika chingapangitse maonekedwe a chitoliro chonse. M'malo opangira mafakitale, utoto wapaipi wokhazikika komanso wogwirizana ukhoza kuwonetsa mulingo wa kasamalidwe ndi chithunzi chamakampani; M’malo opezeka anthu ambiri, monga misewu ya m’mizinda, malo okhalamo, ndi zina zotero, utoto wokongola wa mipope ukhoza kuchepetsa zinthu zosaoneka bwino ndi kupangitsa chilengedwe kukhala choyera ndi chadongosolo. Kuphatikiza apo, mawonekedwe abwino amatha kukulitsa chidaliro cha anthu komanso kukhutira ndi zomangamanga ndikukulitsa mtundu wonse wa mzindawo.

2, mitundu ndi makhalidwe a payipi utoto

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya utoto wa mapaipi, iliyonse ili ndi magwiridwe antchito apadera komanso mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito kuti akwaniritse zofunikira zachitetezo cha mapaipi osiyanasiyana m'malo osiyanasiyana komanso momwe amagwirira ntchito.

(1) Utoto woletsa dzimbiri

Utoto woletsa dzimbiri ndi zokutira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka poletsa dzimbiri lachitsulo, ndipo ndi chimodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri pakuteteza mapaipi. Nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi inki yapadera yotsutsa dzimbiri ndi zowonjezera, zomwe zimatha kupanga filimu yoteteza kwambiri pamwamba pazitsulo, kutsekereza kukhudzana pakati pa mpweya, chinyezi ndi zowononga zowonongeka ndi zitsulo, kuti zithetseretu zochitika za dzimbiri.
Utoto woletsa dzimbiri umagawidwa m'magulu awiri: utoto wothira dzimbiri wamafuta ndi utoto wothira dzimbiri wamadzi. Utoto wamafuta odana ndi dzimbiri wokhala ndi zosungunulira organic monga diluent, uli ndi mawonekedwe owumitsa mwachangu komanso magwiridwe antchito abwino odana ndi dzimbiri, koma chifukwa chamafuta ake ochulukirapo a organic (VOC) amakhudza chilengedwe komanso thanzi la anthu, kotero kugwiritsa ntchito kuli ndi zoletsa zina. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, utoto wamadzi oletsa dzimbiri umagwiritsa ntchito madzi ngati osungunula, omwe ali ndi ubwino wa chitetezo cha chilengedwe, chitetezo, komanso chosavuta kuwotcha, ndipo amakwaniritsa zofunikira za malamulo amakono a zachilengedwe. Komabe, nthawi yake yowuma ndi yayitali, ndipo ntchito yake yotsutsana ndi dzimbiri ingakhale yoipitsitsa pang'ono kusiyana ndi utoto wamafuta oletsa dzimbiri nthawi zina.
Pankhani ya anti- dzimbiri inki, wamba wofiira lead, nthaka ufa, nthaka phosphate ndi zina zotero. Utoto wofiira wotsutsa dzimbiri uli ndi zotsatira zabwino zotsutsa dzimbiri, koma chifukwa chakuti mtovu wofiyira uli ndi mtovu, wovulaza chilengedwe ndi thupi la munthu, waletsedwa pang'onopang'ono. Utoto wa Zinc ufa wotsutsa dzimbiri umagwiritsa ntchito chitetezo cha electrochemical cha zinc, chomwe chimatha kupereka chitetezo chanthawi yayitali chothana ndi dzimbiri pazitsulo, makamaka choyenera chilengedwe cha Marine ndi zochitika zina zowononga. Utoto wa Zinc phosphate anti- dzimbiri umachita ndi chitsulo pamwamba kuti upangire filimu yoteteza ya phosphate, yomwe ili ndi zinthu zabwino zolimbana ndi dzimbiri komanso kukana madzi.

(2) Utoto woletsa dzimbiri

Utoto wa anti-corrosion ndi wokutira womwe umapangidwa mwapadera kuti usakokoloke ndi zinthu za mankhwala, ndipo umagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakuteteza mapaipi mumankhwala, mafuta, zimbudzi ndi mafakitale ena. Malingana ndi zofalitsa zosiyanasiyana zowononga, utoto wotsutsa-kutunga ukhoza kugawidwa mu utoto wosamva asidi, utoto wosamva alkali, utoto wopopera mchere ndi mitundu ina.
Utoto wosamva asidi umagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kukana dzimbiri za zinthu za acidic, monga sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid ndi zina zotero. Mapangidwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi utomoni wosamva asidi ndi zodzaza zapadera zomwe zimasunga kukhulupirika ndi kukhazikika kwa zokutira m'malo okhala acidic. Utoto wosamva alkali ndi wa zinthu zamchere, monga sodium hydroxide, potaziyamu hydroxide, ndi zina zotere, zimakhala ndi kukana bwino kwa alkali. Utoto wosamva kupopera kwa mchere ndi wothana ndi kukokoloka kwa kutsitsi kwa mchere m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena m'madera a m'madzi, kudzera m'mapangidwe apadera opaka utoto ndi utoto wosamva dzimbiri, kuteteza kusungidwa kwa mchere ndi dzimbiri pamwamba pa payipi.
Posankha utoto wotsutsana ndi dzimbiri, m'pofunika kuganizira mozama za sing'anga, kutentha kwa ntchito, kupanikizika ndi zinthu zina za kayendedwe ka mapaipi. Mwachitsanzo, mupaipi yamankhwala, ngati kuperekerako kuli ndi mankhwala owononga kwambiri, ndikofunikira kusankha utoto woletsa kuwononga komanso kukana mankhwala, ndikusankha mtundu wofananira wa utomoni ndi pigment kutengera mtundu wa mankhwalawo.

(3) Utoto wosamva kutentha kwambiri

M'mafakitale ena apadera, monga mapaipi otentha, mapaipi a ng'anjo ya mafakitale, mapaipi otulutsa injini, ndi zina zotero, mapaipi amafunika kugwira ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali kumalo otentha kwambiri. Utoto wosamva kutentha kwapamwamba umapangidwa kuti ukwaniritse izi.
Utoto wosamva kutentha kwambiri ungathe kukhalabe wokhazikika wa zokutira pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu, popanda kufewetsa, kuyenda, kugwa ndi zochitika zina. Zigawo zake zazikulu zimaphatikizapo utomoni wosagwirizana ndi kutentha kwambiri, pigment yosamva kutentha ndi zodzaza ntchito. Silicone high kutentha kugonjetsedwa utoto ndi mtundu wamba ndi zabwino kwambiri kutentha kukana ndipo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali mu kutentha osiyanasiyana 200 ° C mpaka 600 ° C. Inorganic silicon kutentha kutentha utoto amatha kupirira kutentha apamwamba, mpaka 800 ° C. kapena kuposa 1000 ° C, koma kusinthasintha kwake ndi kumamatira ndizochepa.
Pofuna kuwonetsetsa kuti utoto wotentha kwambiri umagwira ntchito bwino, kuwongolera mwamphamvu kumafunika pamtunda wapaipi musanamangidwe kuti muchotse mafuta, dzimbiri ndi okusayidi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, panthawi yomanga, chidwi chiyenera kuperekedwa ku kulamulira makulidwe ndi kufanana kwa zokutira kuti asadzachitike m'deralo kwambiri kapena woonda kwambiri.

(4) Utoto wotsekereza

Kwa mapaipi omwe amatumiza mphamvu kapena amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida zamagetsi, monga machubu oteteza chingwe, nyumba zosinthira, ndi zina zambiri, ntchito yotsekereza ndiyofunikira. Utoto wotsekera ukhoza kupanga chitsekerero chabwino pamwamba pa payipi, kupewa kutayikira kwapano, ndikuwonetsetsa kuti zida zamagetsi zikuyenda bwino.
Utoto wotsekera nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi utomoni wopangira, zosungunulira ndi zotsekereza zodzaza, ndipo zimakhala ndi kukana kwabwino, kukana kwamagetsi komanso kukana chinyezi. Utoto wodziyimira pawokha umaphatikizapo utoto wa alkyd insulating, polyester insulating paint, epoxy insulating paint ndi zina zotero. Posankha utoto wotsekereza, ndikofunikira kuganizira mozama zinthu monga mphamvu yamagetsi yogwirira ntchito, malo ogwiritsira ntchito komanso zofunikira zapaipi.

(5) utoto woteteza chilengedwe

Ndi kusintha kosalekeza kwa chidwi chapadziko lonse lapansi pachitetezo cha chilengedwe, utoto wa chitoliro wokonda zachilengedwe wakhala chitukuko cha msika. Utoto wamtunduwu umachepetsa kutulutsa kwamafuta osakhazikika (VOC) popanga ndikugwiritsa ntchito, umachepetsa kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe, komanso umachepetsa chiwopsezo chaumoyo kwa ogwira ntchito yomanga ndi ogwiritsa ntchito.
Utoto woteteza chilengedwe umaphatikizapo utoto wamadzi, utoto wolimba kwambiri komanso utoto wopanda zosungunulira ndi mitundu ina. Utoto wamadzi umagwiritsa ntchito madzi monga diluent, ulibe zosungunulira organic, uli ndi ubwino wa chitetezo cha chilengedwe, chitetezo, chosayaka ndi zina zotero. Powonjezera zolimba mu utoto, kugwiritsa ntchito zosungunulira kumachepetsedwa, motero kumachepetsa mpweya wa VOC. Utoto wopanda zosungunulira umakhala wopanda zosungunulira ndipo umakhala ndi mawonekedwe abwino kwambiri akuthupi ndi makemikolo, koma zomanga ndizokwera.
Utoto woteteza chilengedwe sikuti umangokhala wabwino kwambiri pakuteteza chilengedwe, magwiridwe ake amakhalanso bwino nthawi zonse, amatha kukwaniritsa zofunikira zachitetezo cha mapaipi osiyanasiyana, ndipo wapereka chithandizo chabwino pachitukuko chokhazikika.

3. kusankha mfundo za utoto wa mapaipi

Kusankha utoto wa chitoliro choyenera ndiye chinsinsi chotsimikizira chitetezo ndi moyo wautumiki wa chitoliro. Posankha, pali zifukwa zingapo zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa kuti zikwaniritse zofunikira za payipi mu malo enieni komanso momwe ntchito zikuyendera.

(A) kugwiritsa ntchito chilengedwe cha mapaipi

Chikhalidwe cha chilengedwe cha chitoliro ndicho chofunikira kwambiri pakusankha utoto wa chitoliro. Madera osiyanasiyana ali ndi zofunikira zosiyanasiyana pakuchita zokutira.
Ngati payipi imayikidwa pamalo onyowa apansi panthaka, monga mipope yachimbudzi, mapaipi apansi panthaka, ndi zina zambiri, ndikofunikira kusankha utoto wokhala ndi kukana bwino kwa chinyezi komanso kukana dzimbiri. Utoto wamtunduwu nthawi zambiri umakhala ndi kukana kwamadzi bwino komanso kukana kwamankhwala, komwe kumatha kuletsa kukokoloka kwa madzi ndi mankhwala munthaka yapansi panthaka.
Pamapaipi omwe ali panja, monga mapaipi a kutentha pamwamba, mapaipi amafuta, ndi zina zotero, ayenera kupirira kuyesedwa kwa zinthu zachilengedwe monga kutenthedwa ndi dzuwa, kukokoloka kwa mvula, kukokoloka kwa mphepo ndi mchenga. Choncho, utoto wa chitoliro ndi kukana kwa nyengo yabwino ndi kukana kuvala ziyenera kusankhidwa kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti zokutira zimakhalabe zokhazikika panja kwa nthawi yaitali.
Ngati payipiyo ili pamalo otentha kwambiri, monga mapaipi a ng'anjo ya mafakitale, mapaipi opangira magetsi otenthetsera magetsi, ndi zina zotero, ndiye kuti penti yosamva kutentha kwambiri ndiyo yabwino kwambiri. Utoto uwu ukhoza kukhalabe ndi thupi ndi mankhwala pa kutentha kwakukulu, kuteteza payipi kuti lisawonongeke, dzimbiri ndi mavuto ena chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri.

(B) Zinthu zoyendetsedwa ndi mapaipi

Zinthu zonyamulidwa ndi mapaipi zimakhalanso ndi vuto lalikulu pakusankha utoto wa chitoliro. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi mankhwala osiyanasiyana komanso thupi, zomwe zingayambitse dzimbiri, kusungunuka kapena kuvala pa zokutira chitoliro.
Ngati payipi ikunyamula zamadzimadzi zowononga, monga ma asidi, alkali, mchere, ndi zina zotero, ndiye kuti muyenera kusankha utoto woletsa kuwononga womwe ungapirire kukokoloka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwirizana ndi mankhwalawo. Mwachitsanzo, payipi yonyamula sulfuric acid iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito utoto wosamva asidi, ndipo payipi yonyamula sodium hydroxide solution iyenera kugwiritsa ntchito utoto wosamva alkali.
Pakutumiza kwa zinthu zoyaka komanso kuphulika monga mafuta ndi gasi, kuphatikiza pakugwiritsa ntchito anti-corrosion, ndikofunikira kusankha utoto wapaipi wokhala ndi anti-static performance kuti aletse kudzikundikira kwa magetsi osasunthika kuti asayambitse moto. kapena ngozi za kuphulika.
Ngati ndi chakudya kapena madzi akumwa payipi, kusankha utoto ndi okhwima kwambiri, ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito sanali poizoni kuteteza chilengedwe utoto umene umakwaniritsa mfundo zaumoyo, kuonetsetsa kuti zinthu zonyamulidwa si kuipitsidwa, kuteteza thanzi ndi chitetezo cha anthu. .

(C) Zomangamanga

Zomangamanga zimakhudza mwachindunji kusankha ndi kumanga zotsatira za utoto wa mapaipi. Njira yomangira, mpweya wabwino wa malo omangapo, ndi zofunikira zochizira pamwamba ndizo zonse zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mipope ndiyoyenera njira zosiyanasiyana zomangira. Mwachitsanzo, utoto wina uli woyenera kupaka chifukwa cha kukhuthala kwawo kwakukulu ndipo ukhoza kumangirizidwa mofanana pamwamba pa chitoliro pansi pa zochita za burashi; Utoto wina ndi woyenera kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa chifukwa umapanga zokutira zoonda komanso zofananira.
Mpweya wabwino wa malo omangawo ndi wofunikanso. M'malo opanda mpweya wabwino, penti yokhala ndi zinthu zotsika kwambiri (VOC) ziyenera kusankhidwa kuti zichepetse kuwononga thanzi la ogwira ntchito yomanga komanso kuwononga chilengedwe.
Kuonjezera apo, zofunikira za chithandizo cha chitoliro pamwamba zidzakhudzanso kusankha utoto. Ngati pamwamba pa payipi ndi dzimbiri kwambiri kapena pali zowononga monga mafuta, m'pofunika kusankha utoto wa payipi womwe ungathe kumamatirabe bwino pansi pa zovuta za pamwamba, kapena mankhwala okhwima kwambiri asanamangidwe.

(D) Bajeti

Posankha utoto wa chitoliro, bajeti ndi chinthu chomwe sichinganyalanyazidwe. Mtengo wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ya utoto wa chitoliro umasiyana kwambiri, kotero ndikofunikira kusankha moyenera molingana ndi bajeti pansi pamalingaliro okwaniritsa zofunikira zachitetezo.
Nthawi zambiri, utoto wamapaipi owoneka bwino ndi okwera mtengo, koma amatha kupereka moyo wautali komanso chitetezo chabwino. Ngati bajetiyo ili yochepa, mukhoza kusankha zinthu zotsika mtengo, koma onetsetsani kuti ntchito yake ikhoza kukwaniritsa zofunikira za chitetezo cha payipi.
Panthawi imodzimodziyo, m'pofunikanso kuganizira mtengo wokonza utoto wa chitoliro. Utoto wina wamapaipi apamwamba, ngakhale kuti ndalama zoyambira ndizokwera, zitha kukhala zotsika mtengo pakapita nthawi chifukwa cha kulimba kwawo komanso kusamalidwa pafupipafupi.

4, ukadaulo womanga wa utoto wamapaipi

Tekinoloje yolondola yomanga ndi ulalo wofunikira wotsimikizira chitetezo cha utoto wa mapaipi. Pokhapokha potsatira mosamalitsa ndondomeko yomanga yomwe tingathe kuonetsetsa kuti khalidwe ndi ntchito ya zokutira zimakwaniritsa zolinga zomwe zikuyembekezeka.

(1) Chithandizo chapamwamba

Chithandizo chapamwamba ndiye gawo lofunikira pakumanga utoto wa mapaipi, ndipo mtundu wake umakhudza mwachindunji kumamatira ndi chitetezo cha zokutira.
Asanayambe mankhwala pamwamba, pamwamba pa payipi amafunika kutsukidwa bwino kuti achotse zowononga monga mafuta, fumbi, dzimbiri, ndi okusayidi. Pakuti kwambiri dzimbiri mapaipi, ndi dzimbiri kuchotsa mankhwala nthawi zambiri ikuchitika ndi sandblasting, pickling, akupera ndi njira zina. Kuphulika kwa mchenga ndi njira yodziwika bwino yochotsera dzimbiri, yomwe imachotsa dzimbiri ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni wosanjikiza pomenya pamwamba pa payipi ndi tinthu tating'ono ta mchenga topoperapo liwilo kwambiri, kotero kuti pamwamba pake amafika roughness ndi kumawonjezera kumatira kwa ❖ kuyanika. Pickling ndi ntchito asidi njira kupasuka dzimbiri ndi okusayidi pamwamba pa payipi, koma m`pofunika kulabadira neutralization mankhwala ndi kutsuka pambuyo pickling kuteteza asidi otsala kuchititsa dzimbiri yachiwiri payipi. Akupera ndi oyenera dzimbiri m'deralo kapena malo ang'onoang'ono mankhwala pamwamba.
Kuwonjezera pa kuchotsa dzimbiri, m'pofunikanso kuchotsa mafuta ndi fumbi pamwamba pa payipi. Njira monga kuyeretsa zosungunulira, kuyeretsa sopo kapena kuthira madzi othamanga kwambiri angagwiritsidwe ntchito. Pambuyo pa chithandizo chapamwamba, chiyenera kufufuzidwa mu nthawi kuti zitsimikizire kuti chitolirocho chikukwaniritsa zofunikira zaukhondo ndi zowawa.

(2) Kupaka kale

Kupaka kale ndi njira yopangira kale zigawo za payipi zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzijambula, monga weld, ngodya, mgwirizano wa bolt.
Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ovuta, zigawozi zimakhala zovuta kwambiri monga kuphimba kopyapyala ndi kusowa kwa zokutira muzojambula zodziwika bwino, kotero ziyenera kuthandizidwa pasadakhale. Utoto womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira uyenera kukhala wofanana ndi chophimba chachikulu, ndipo zomangamanga ziyenera kuchitidwa ndi burashi kapena mfuti yaing'ono yopopera kuti zitsimikizire kuti zigawozi zimatetezedwa mokwanira.

(3) Kupenta

Kupenta ndiye ulalo wapakatikati pakupanga utoto wamapaipi, malinga ndi mtundu wa utoto wa mapaipi ndi zofunikira zomanga, sankhani njira yoyenera yopenta.
Kupaka burashi ndi njira yachikhalidwe yopangira, yoyenera kudera laling'ono, mawonekedwe ovuta a chitoliro kapena kukonzanso kwanuko. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito burashi, samalani ndi kuuma ndi m'lifupi mwa bristles, komanso malangizo ndi mphamvu ya burashi, kuonetsetsa kuti zokutira ndi yunifolomu ndipo palibe kutayikira.
Wodzigudubuza ❖ kuyanika ndi oyenera dera lalikulu la payipi lathyathyathya, akhoza kusintha ntchito yomanga, koma makulidwe ❖ kuyanika ndi wochepa thupi.
Wodzigudubuza ❖ kuyanika ndi oyenera dera lalikulu la payipi lathyathyathya, akhoza kusintha ntchito yomanga, koma makulidwe ❖ kuyanika ndi wochepa thupi.

Za ife

Kampani yathuwakhala akumamatira "'sayansi ndi luso, khalidwe loyamba, woona mtima ndi wodalirika, strictimplementation wa ls0900l:.2000 mayiko khalidwe kasamalidwe system.Our okhwima managementtechnologicdinnovation, utumiki khalidwe kuponya khalidwe la mankhwala, anapambana kuzindikira ambiri owerenga .Monga fakitale yodziwika bwino komanso yamphamvu yaku China, titha kupereka zitsanzo kwa makasitomala omwe akufuna kugula, ngati mukufuna utoto uliwonse, chonde tilankhule nafe.